Typhoid

What is typhoid?

Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi. It is spread through contaminated food and water and can cause serious illness if left untreated. Typhoid is most common in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean drinking water.

Where is typhoid found?

Typhoid is found in many parts of the world, particularly in:

• South Asia
• Southeast Asia
• Africa
• Central and South America
• The Middle East

How is typhoid spread?

Typhoid is spread by consuming food or water contaminated with the bacteria. Common sources include:

• Contaminated drinking water.
• Ice made from unsafe water.
• Food prepared by someone carrying the infection.
• Raw fruit and vegetables washed in contaminated water.
• Shellfish harvested from contaminated water.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually develop 1 to 3 weeks after exposure. They may include:

• Persistent high fever.
• Headache.
• Abdominal pain.
• Loss of appetite.
• Constipation or diarrhoea.
• Fatigue.
• Muscle aches.

Prevention

The risk of typhoid can be reduced by:

• Drinking bottled, boiled, or treated water.
• Avoiding ice unless made from safe water.
• Eating freshly cooked food served hot.
• Avoiding raw or undercooked foods.
• Washing or peeling fruit and vegetables before eating.
• Practising good hand hygiene.

Typhoid vaccine

A typhoid vaccine is available in the UK to help protect against typhoid fever. It may be recommended for travellers visiting countries where typhoid is common, particularly those staying for longer periods or travelling to areas with poor sanitation.

How is the vaccine given?

• The vaccine is given as a single injection into the upper arm.
• A single dose provides protection for up to 3 years.
• A booster dose may be recommended if you remain at risk after this time.

During your travel health consultation, our pharmacist will advise whether vaccination is appropriate based on your destination and travel plans.

Who can receive the vaccine?

The typhoid vaccine is suitable for adults and children aged 2 years and over. During your travel health consultation, our pharmacist will assess your destination, itinerary, and individual risk factors to determine whether the vaccine is appropriate for you.

Who should consider vaccination?

Vaccination may be appropriate for travellers who:

• Are travelling to countries where typhoid is common.
• Will be staying with friends or relatives.
• Are backpacking or travelling to rural or remote areas.
• Will have limited access to safe food and drinking water.
• Are travelling for extended periods.

A travel health consultation can help determine whether the typhoid vaccine is appropriate for your trip.